Endocrinology and Diabetes

Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome

Obesity and metabolic syndrome are interrelated global health challenges with profound implications for individuals and healthcare systems. Obesity, characterized by excess body fat, is a primary driver of metabolic syndrome, a cluster of conditions that includes abdominal obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and elevated blood sugar levels. Together, these conditions significantly increase the risk of developing chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and certain cancers. The rising prevalence of obesity is attributed to a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Sedentary behaviour, high-calorie diets, and limited physical activity are major contributors, compounded by genetic predisposition and socio-economic barriers to healthy living. Obesity’s role in metabolic syndrome stems from its impact on insulin sensitivity, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory processes, leading to systemic disruptions that exacerbate metabolic and cardiovascular health risks.Managing obesity and metabolic syndrome requires a multi-pronged approach. Lifestyle modifications, including a balanced diet, regular exercise, and behavioural therapy, remain foundational strategies. Nutritional interventions often emphasize reducing processed foods and added sugars while increasing fiber and nutrient-dense foods. Structured physical activity programs are designed to improve insulin sensitivity and promote weight loss, while psychological support helps address emotional eating and long-term adherence to healthy habits.