2^nd Asia Pacific Endocrinology Congress September 22-23, 2020 Singapore City, Singapore

High blood sugar levels can extremely damage parts of your body, including your feet and your eyes. These are called the complications of diabetes. There are three main types of the disease: type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. 

Endocrine disruptors are chemicals that may interfere with the body’s endocrine system and produce adverse developmental, reproductive, neurological, and immune effects in both humans and wildlife. EDCs can disrupt many different hormones and High EDC exposures during fetal development and childhood can have long-lasting health effects since there are periods where hormones regulate the formation and maturation of organs.

Diabetic retinopathy, also known as diabetic eye disease, is a medical condition in which damage occurs to the retina due to diabetes mellitus. It is a leading cause of blindness. Diabetic retinopathy affects up to 80% of those who have had diabetes for 20 years or more. At least 90% of new cases could be reduced with proper treatment and monitoring of the eyes. The retina is the membrane that covers the back of the eye. It is highly sensitive to light. It converts any light that hits the eye into signals that can be interpreted by the brain. This process produces visual images, and it is how sight functions in the human eye. Diabetic retinopathy damages the blood vessels within the retinal tissue, causing them to leak fluid and distort vision.

Hypothalamus: The hypothalamus is located in the lower central part of the brain. This part of the brain is important in regulation of satiety, metabolism, and body temperature. In addition, it secretes hormones that stimulate or suppress the release of hormones in the pituitary gland.

Pituitary gland: The pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain beneath the hypothalamus and is no larger than a pea. It is often considered the most important part of the endocrine system because it produces hormones that control many functions of other endocrine glands

Pineal gland: The pineal body, or pineal gland, is located in the middle of the brain. It secretes a hormone called melatonin, which may help regulate the wake-sleep cycle of the body

Thyroid gland: The thyroid gland is located in the lower front part of the neck. It produces thyroid hormones that regulate the body's metabolism. It also plays a role in bone growth and development of the brain and nervous system in children. The pituitary gland controls the release of thyroid hormones. Thyroid hormones also help maintain normal blood pressure, heart rate, digestion, muscle tone, and reproductive function

Parathyroid: The parathyroid glands are two pairs of small glands embedded in the surface of the thyroid gland, one pair on each side. They release parathyroid hormone, which plays a role in regulating calcium levels in the blood and bone metabolism.

Thymus: Thymus gland makes white blood cells called T-lymphocytes that fight infection and are crucial as a child's immune system develops. The thymus starts to shrink after puberty.

Bone is living, growing tissue. It is made mostly of collagen, a protein that provides a soft framework, and calcium phosphate, a mineral that adds strength and hardens the framework. Vitamin D helps the body absorb and process calcium. Together, these two nutrients are the cornerstone of healthy bones.

Osteoporosis, or porous bone, is a disease characterized by low bone mass and structural deterioration of bone tissue, leading to bone fragility and an increased risk of fractures of the hip, spine, and wrist. There are many causes of osteoporosis. Not only do bones lose density with age, medications used to treat breast cancer, arthritis, asthma, Crohn's disease and Addison's disease can also lower bone density. Some illnesses such as hyperthyroidism, hypopituaritism and eating disorders also cause bones to lose strength.

Female-Reproductive-Endocrinology:

Hormonal interaction between the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland, and ovaries regulates the female reproductive system. The hypothalamus secretes a small peptide, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, also known as luteinizing hormone–releasing hormone.

• Menstrual irregularity
• Heavy, light or absent menses
• Premenstrual syndrome
• Perimenopause
• Hormone replacement therapy.

Male-Reproductive-Endocrinology:

Men, whose testes produce abnormally low amounts of testosterone (hypogonadism), may receive testosterone replacement therapy. For some men, lower than normal testosterone produces no apparent effects; for others, effects of this condition may include:

• reduced sexual function, in terms of desire, erections and fertility;
• insomnia or other sleep problems;
• reduced muscle size and strength, more body fat and lower bone density;
• Emotional changes, such as less confidence and motivation, lower mood and difficulty in concentration and memory.

The metabolic syndrome is a condition considered by a special constellation of revocable major risk factors for cardiac disease and type 2 diabetes. The main, diagnostic, components are reduced HDL-cholesterol, raised triglycerides, blood pressure and fasting plasma glucose, all of which are related to weight gain, specifically intra-abdominal/ectopic fat accumulation and a large waist circumference.

Obesity is becoming a worldwide epidemic. The epidemic of obesity has been paralleled by an increase in the incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Several recent epidemiologic studies have shown that obesity and the metabolic syndrome are independent predictors of CKD. The prevalence of marked obesity is increasing rapidly among adults and has more than doubled in 10 years. 61% of the adult population of the United States is overweight or obese. 

The Pediatric Division of Stem Cell Replacement and Regenerative Medicine are very honored of the outstanding concerned care that to provide their patients along with leading state of the art basic and translational science on stem cell biology, cellular immunology and transplantation biology. The separation is focused on the complete evaluation and care of patients with complex hematological malignancies, bone marrow failure syndromes and a variety of genetic disorders where bone marrow transplantation can provide benefit.

Ayurveda is an ancient therapeutic system based on wisdom traditions which initiated in India over 5,000 years ago and focuses on the balance of body, mind and consciousness. As modern or conservative medicine has gotten a better understanding of endocrinology, many drugs and topical applications for the various hormonal imbalances have been developed. However, most would agree that there is still a limited knowledge of what causes the initial imbalance and malfunctioning of the endocrine system. Ayurveda’s comprehensive understanding of endocrinology applies a natural and holistic approach that may significantly help prevent and reduce hormonal challenges.